First, file a complaint with PhonePe and email them. HDFC Bank is not going to help here, as they are not responsible either. The surcharges are valid and most likely won't be reversed.
If PhonePe doesn't accept their mistake and refund the extra fees HDFC charged you, file a complaint with the RBI, detailing everything. Most likely, you'll get some justice. But if the RBI also doesn't help, go ahead and file a chargeback with HDFC Bank, stating that you purchased fuel but didn't receive it. Let PhonePe and the dealer suffer as well. I know filing a false chargeback is not right, but what PhonePe is doing is absolutely horrible.